Head and Neck Pathology Keratoacanthoma and infundibulocystic squamous cell carcinoma. PubMedGoogle Scholar. [23], However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. [68] Epichlo endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. The .gov means its official. Figure 5. government site. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! PubMed Head and Neck Pathol 15, 572587 (2021). [73], There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. Head Neck. A review of the literature on condyloma acuminatum (ordinary and giant types), verrucous carcinoma, warty/warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, bowenoid papulosis, verruca vulgaris, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma was performed. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (oral lichen simplex chronicus): a distinct clinicopathologic entity. 1999;28(6):2747. To review the overlapping and distinguishing features of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, and to clarify confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria for problematic entities. Mller S. Oral epithelial dysplasia, atypical verrucous lesions and oral potentially malignant disorders: focus on histopathology. Mod Pathol. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. The scrotum, groin, and pubis may also be affected.2123 The tumor grows exophytically and endophytically, and the exophytic excrescences are often described as cauliflower-like. Fistula formation between papillae is common. 1997;84(2):1547. Biopsy of a lesion in the right proximal pretibial region demonstrated an atypical endophytic squamous proliferation, consistent with SCC. JAAD Case Rep. 2019 Nov 20;5(12):1051-1054. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.08.008. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV infection, with HPV types 6 and 11 being the most prevalent.5 HPV 6 and 11 belong to the low-risk HPV group, which essentially has no risk for malignant progression. C, An anogenital seborrheic keratosis with an undulating base and numerous pseudohorn cysts without evidence of koilocytosis. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts, conventional agricultural practices continue to take priority. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Part of Springer Nature. SEBASTIAN, SHELDON; 2007;138(5):64151. Semin Diagn Pathol. [30], One or more endophytic organisms are found in nearly every land plant. Papillomatous and endophytic squamous proliferation is present with keratin plug, parakeratin, and mild pleomorphism of keratinocytes extending to the base of the biopsy (a). Keywords: The site is secure. This tumor type is rarely described in the anogenital region. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13363. Fungal hyphae have been seen growing either flattened or wedged against plant cells. The epithelium remains relatively thin. Abbey LM, Kaugars GE, Gunsolley JC, et al. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: recognition and differentiation from conventional leukoplakia and mimics. 2014;170(5):103947. 2017;18(12):32514. 2008 Aug;33(5):625-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02785.x. The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. In-situ means the skin cancer it is an early forming skin cancer and is limited to the upper layers of the skin. Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath?, Dermatologic Surgery | 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01895.x | DeepDyve DeepDyve Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Hypergranulosis is accentuated in the valleys between papillae. Compared to the spiky papillae in verruca vulgaris (VV), the papillae in condyloma acuminatum have more rounded and undulating contours, with less robust hyperkeratosis (Figure 1, A). Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits: cross-sectional study in South India. The most comprehensive study reported 35 cases of penile papillary SCC, most of which occurred on the glans with or without involvement of the coronal sulcus and foreskin.51 The tumors form white-grey, irregular masses with serrated surfaces. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Koilocytes containing enlarged and irregular nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules may be found in the granular and upper spinous layers. The latter refers to well-differentiated SCC with a papillary architecture. Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting. PubMed Because histopathologic findings can vary in women with multiple SCC lesions, from keratoacanthoma-like to well-differentiated SCC, we hypothesized that TP53 variants might shed light on the appropriate classification. The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized, in planta colonization, in planta biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. The keratinocytes are bland and without koilocytic change. Differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia and lichen sclerosus may be found in the adjacent epithelium.37,51. The elongated rete ridges tend to converge toward the center of the lesion (in-toeing) (Figure 7, A). This drug is important for the treatment of cancer. A long-term study of thirty patients. 2009;45(45):31723. Conclusion: Angulated tumor nests infiltrate the underlying stroma. Vulvar acanthosis with altered differentiation: a precursor to verrucous carcinoma? Before B, Large spinous keratinocytes contain abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and bland nuclei. Natarajan E, Woo SB. 2015;120(4):47482. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed. 2019;96:12130. Cancer. The eruption was initially treated with topical 5-FU twice daily for 4 weeks to treat his large hyperkeratotic lesions on the lower legs that were concerning for multifocal eruptive squamous atypia Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Clinically, warty and warty-basaloid HSIL and invasive SCC may mimic condyloma acuminatum when discrete papillomatous papules or plaques are present.44, On histopathology, warty HSIL and SCC mimic condyloma acuminatum by their verruciform architecture, conspicuous fibrovascular cores, and koilocytosis (Figure 4, A). A systematic review. Subject: Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). The tumor cells display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitoses (inset). [72] Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. doi: https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA. Bookshelf J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Apr;30(2):127-34. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e318161310c. In another experiment Burkholderia bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into yellow lupine; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not statistically significant. B, Parakeratosis is compact with a characteristic orange hue or peach color. 2014;36(11):16628. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. [22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. Ancillary tools available for identifying and genotyping human papillomavirus can aid in diagnosis when histopathologic findings are inconclusive. [51], A 2008 experiment with an isolate of a fungus called NRRL 50072 found that this strain can produce a small amount of fuel-like hydrocarbon compounds which was promoted as "myco-diesel". WebThese findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might Head Neck Pathol. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and field cancerization: report of a case. Fivenon-PVL histologic mimicswere included as controls. Besides condyloma acuminatum, a number of cutaneous and mucosal lesions in the anogenital region share a similar verruciform architecture and/or clinical presentation, often representing a common source of diagnostic confusion. Montague LJ, Bhattacharyya I, Islam MN, Cohen DM, Fitzpatrick SG. The case for antiherbivore defences", "Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endophyte&oldid=1141734599, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 14:41. B, Koilocytes containing enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules are found in the granular and upper spinous layers. Br J Dermatol. [10] Endophytes may become active and reproduce under specific environmental conditions or when their host plants are stressed or begin to senesce, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. All procedures performed in this retrospective data analysis involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board, which did not require informed consent. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. While the basaloid subtype rarely mimics condyloma acuminatum, it shares overlapping features with the warty-basaloid subtype, which has a condyloma-like, verruciform silhouette (Figure 4, C).37 The epithelium is basaloid due to a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear hyperchromasia (Figure 4, C; inset). [22] Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher CO2 concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions. [66] Also, compounds from the marine fungus Nigrospora sp. The following month, the patient was noted to have a fluctuant nodule on the right side of his parietal scalp (Fig 1, B).A shave biopsy of the lesion revealed florid Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Figure 4Warty and warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: 2011;69(5):136774. Compact hyperkeratosis often fills the spaces between the verrucous projections (Figure 3, A).24,25,37 Fibrovascular cores tend to be thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry.[31]. Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. A few koilocytes are present in the granular layer (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. 1985;60(3):28598. [54], Plants are potentially able to break down or sequester, or stimulate micro-organisms in the soil to break down or sequester, certain organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants such as nickel in degraded ecosystems, which is known as phytoremediation. These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host. Indian J Dent Res. Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to jasmonate and ethylene production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown. These papillae are surmounted by columns of parakeratosis (church spire parakeratosis), whereas the valleys between the papillae show hypergranulosis (Figure 7, B). Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically Ascomycota fungi. Cases associated with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and warty/basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are coinfected with high-risk HPV types.68. In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a plasmid called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the Burkholderia genus known as G4 which can break down trichloroethylene (TCE) was transferred to endophytes of popular trees; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air. 2018;24(5):74960. A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. Giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma used to be considered synonymous, but accumulating evidence supports that these are distinct entities with different pathogenetic pathways. Proliferative leukoplakia: proposed new clinical diagnostic criteria. Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. The eruption was [32] It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue Woodland Hills, CA, 91364, Woodland Hills, USA, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA, Sarah G. Fitzpatrick,Indraneel Bhattacharyya,Mohammed N. Islam&Donald M. Cohen, Atlanta Oral Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA, Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA, Section of Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Applied Dental Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, IL, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, USA, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Centro Clnico de Cabeza y Cuello, Patologa Divisin, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Department of Pathology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Pathology, MUSC Health-University Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA, Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, You can also search for this author in 2007;43(3):22431. Although VV (common wart) usually occurs on extragenital skin, it can occasionally arise in the anogenital area and may result in diagnostic confusion with condyloma acuminatum. 2008;58(1):1517. 2006;17(3):1215. [11] Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant hosts. and verrucous carcinoma representing a more florid London: Wiley; 1981. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: unusual locations of oral squamous cell carcinomas, and field cancerization as shown by the appearance of multiple OSCCs. Keratinocytes in the spinous layer are markedly enlarged with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and minimal nuclear atypia (Figure 3, B).25,28 Scattered dyskeratotic cells are common.24 An important diagnostic criterion is the absence of koilocytes, which distinguishes it from giant condyloma acuminatum. Article Surgery. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. T. andreanae produces paclitaxel, also known as taxol. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, SPECIAL SECTIONESSENTIAL DERMATOPATHOLOGY FOR THE GENERAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGIST, PART I, GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (BUSCHKE-LWENSTEIN TUMOR), WARTY/WARTY-BASALOID HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA, Molecular Profiling of Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum Reveals, Transcription Factor Immunohistochemistry in the Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Adenoma, Using Pathology Synoptic Reporting Data to Create Individual Dashboards for Pathologists and Surgeons, TRPS1 and GATA3 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma With Apocrine Differentiation, Navigating Practice Issues Related to the Unsatisfactory Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou Test: Survey Results of Laboratories Participating in the 2020 College of American Pathologists PAP Education Program, Updated Salivary Gland Immunohistochemistry: A Review, The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology, The Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Autopsies Surrounding the Time of Pandemic Onset: A Retrospective Review of Cases, MicroRed Blood Cell, Fragmented Red Blood Cell, Platelet Distribution Width, Mean Platelet Volume, and PlateletLarge Cell Ratio on Sysmex XN Series Hematology Analyzers Can Be Used for the Reflex Test of Impedance Platelet Count in Clinical Practice. PubMed Central Woo SB. The best inter-observer diagnostic agreement relative to PVL lesions were classified as corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive and SCC (chi-square p=0.015). [42] Class 3 endophytes are restricted to growth in above ground plant tissues and form in localized areas of plant tissue. FOIA Geetha KM, Leeky M, Narayan TV, Sadhana S, Saleha J. Grading of oral epithelial dysplasia: points to ponder. WebAn endophytic fungus, Pseudocercosporella trichachnicola, was found to be widespread in the warm-season grass species Trichachne insularis ( White et al., 1990 ). Rosebush MS, Briody AN, Cordell KG. Histopathologic examination confirms an exophytic papillomatous lesion. and transmitted securely. B RSA, Hegde NP, et al. In Search of Nodular Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia: A Distinct Entity or Simply Hyperplastic Polyps Arising in Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. Clinically, these are solitary or coalescent skin-colored papules with a papillomatous surface. Speight PM, Abram TJ, Floriano PN, et al. 8600 Rockville Pike 2016;20(2):2618. Keratoacanthoma, committed stem cells and neoplastic aberrant infundibulogenesis integral to formulating a conceptual model for an infundibulocystic pathway to squamous cell carcinoma. While some authors believe that the 2 are either identical or closely related on a continuous spectrum, accumulating evidence suggests that these are distinct entities. Bagan JV, Murillo J, Poveda R, et al. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. There are occasional dyskeratotic cells, while koilocytes are absent (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 400 [B]). [31] It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Bchamp. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes ergoline alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. 2004;33(2):6570. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 July 2019; 143 (7): 821831. Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, et al. Davidova LA, Fitzpatrick SG, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN. One example of this plant-endosymbiont interaction occurs between dicotyledonous plants in the Convolvulaceae and clavicipitaceous fungi. Triple therapy with intralesional 5-fluorouracil, chemowraps, and acitretin: A well-tolerated option for treatment of widespread cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas on the legs.
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